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All countries in the region closed borders and some restricted internal movement. By November 2020, air borders had largely reopened, but many land borders remain closed; Angola and Cameroon continued to impose entry restrictions on most foreign nationals and, Gabon limited entry to European Union citizens, and other countries in the sub-region required medical certificates or screening (IOM, 2020a). As of March 2021, one year after the first case of COVID-19 in the region, partially opened and fully opened Points of Entry (PoEs) accounted for 54 per cent (as compared with 37% in June 2020). Air and land borders have largely reopened.
UNHCR manages the Refugee Population Statistics Database, which includes data on refugees, asylum seekers, IDPs and other populations of interest, reported by country of origin and country of asylum. Dashboards for specific countries in Middle Africa can be found at the UNHCR Operations Portal. International Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) publishes data on internal displacement stocks and new displacement from conflict and disaster through its Global Internal Displacement Database. The Counter Trafficking Data Collaborative (CTDC) publishes anonymized data on identified cases of human trafficking contributed by counter trafficking organizations. The World Bank produces data on remittance inflows and outflows.
IOM also publishes regular reports with data on migrants who were aided by its assisted voluntary return and reintegration (AVRR) programs, including information on host and origin countries, sex, age and vulnerabilities. The International Labour Organization’s data portal, ILOSTAT, includes multiple country-level indicators on labour migration and occupational injuries disaggregated by migration status.
Migrants were victims of xenophobic violence and expelled from several countries in the region during the 1980s and 1990s (Lututala, 2007). Conflict and civil war also caused significant displacement in Middle Africa during this period. Angola’s war for independence (1960-1974) and the decades-long civil war that followed led to the internal displacement of more than four million people and almost 500, 000 refugees, most moving to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Council on Foreign Relations, 2002). Large numbers of refugees also left Chad for neighboring countries due to civil war in the 1980s (UNHCR, 2020).
Migration data in Middle AfricaThe nine countries that make up Middle Africa1– Angola, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and Sao Tomé and Principe – have not traditionally formed a highly integrated region. Many countries have stronger ties outside the region, in part due to low levels of intra-regional trade and limited transportation infrastructure, resulting in relatively low rates of intra-regional migration (Byiers, 2017, Bazonzi, 2014).
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). Forced Migration: Cameroon, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic account for most forced displacement in the sub-region: Cameroon: Multiple crises have contributed to displacement in Cameroon in recent years. Attacks by Boko Haram and a changing climate have led to large-scale displacement in the north, with over 321, 000 IDPs and 114, 000 refugees recorded as of October 2020 (IOM, 2020b).
Deportation of migrants Forced expulsions of migrants have continued to occur in the sub-region, most notably in Angola. Over 400, 000 migrants from the Democratic Republic of the Congo were forcibly expelled or fled Angola in October 2018 (Human Rights Watch, 2018). Since 2020, nearly 13, 000 Congolese returned from Angola to the Kasaï-Central Province (IOM, 2021) and more than 21, 000 had been expelled to the Kasaï Province (ECHO, 2020). Back to topPast and present trends in migration Early history through the colonial period Starting in the 3rd millennium BCE, Bantu-speaking people from modern Cameroon and Nigeria migrated south and east, eventually settling in much of the southern half of Africa, including most of Middle Africa (Ehret, 2015). Portuguese traders first reached Middle Africa in the 15th century, establishing trading posts along the west coast and initiating the transatlantic slave trade.
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Although most labour migrants came from nearby areas, low population density in much of the region and high labour costs meant that migrants were at times recruited from farther away (Lututala, 2007). In coastal areas along the Gulf of Guinea, labour migrants were recruited from Western Africa following pre-colonial mobility patterns (Bazonzi, 2014). In then Belgian Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo), migration was managed by state authorities, who brought thousands of labourers from Rwanda and Burundi to work for colonial mining companies, plantations and industry (Bazonzi, 2014). Post-independence Increasing numbers of European migrants had moved to Middle Africa after World War II, particularly to then Belgian Congo and Angola, but most left following independence (Flahaux and Schoumaker, 2016).
Cameroon, Gabon and the Republic of Congo continue to impose entry restrictions on most foreign nationals. Many other countries in the sub-region require medical certificates or screening. COVID-19 also impacted census activities, in the three countries where censuses were originally scheduled to take place in 2020—Cameroon, Republic of Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Conflict between non-state armed groups and government security forces in the English-speaking North-West South-West areas have resulted in a further 705, 800 IDPs within or displaced from the region and 60, 900 Cameroonian refugees in Nigeria (UNOCHA, 2020). Almost 293, 000 refugees from the Central African Republic also resided in Cameroon as of the end of 2019 (UNHCR, 2020). Democratic Republic of the Congo: Almost 2.
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The Democratic Republic of the Congo (known as Zaire between 1971 and 1997) experienced large-scale conflict and displacement multiple times since independence. Successive secessionist attempts in resource-rich southern areas caused widespread displacement starting in the 1960s, and ethnic conflict between agrarian communities and migrants from Rwanda, who had migrated during several waves since the 1880s, occurred repeatedly in the east (Lututala, 2007; Flahaux and Schoumaker, 2016). In 1994, over 1.
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